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SAN ANTONIO (Dec. 7, 2007) – Fetal neurons that have low levels of a vital antioxidant, glutathione, are the first to die when exposed to alcohol in cell culture and possibly in the living brain, according to new research from the laboratory of George Henderson, Ph.D., professor of medicine and pharmacology at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.
The study, funded by the National Institute of Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse and the UT Health Science Center, is in the
Journal of Neuroscience Research. The researchers examined brain tissue from immature rats and neurons from rat fetuses.
Why do only some neurons die quickly? “The scope of the study was to document, in a convincing manner, why only some neurons within a specific brain area are extremely sensitive to alcohol exposure and die very fast, while adjacent neurons are resistant and able to survive the same insult,” said Shivani Maffi, Ph.D., the lead author and assistant professor of medicine. “A deficiency in glutathione might explain it.”
Normal growth of the fetal brain in animals as well as humans requires that approximately half of the newly formed neurons die by a process called apoptosis. However, when fetal brains are exposed to alcohol, this neuron death is increased. There is evidence that this may be caused by oxidative stress similar to what may also occur in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
When alcohol is involved, 3 percent to 5 percent more neurons die“Typically when the fetal rat brain is exposed to alcohol, we have observed a 3 percent to 5 percent increase in neuron death that depends on the amount of alcohol and length of exposure,” Dr. Maffi said.
The answer could provide preventive therapiesKnowing how some of the neurons escape apoptotic death during alcohol exposure could tell researchers how to provide therapies to prevent at least some of the devastating consequences of fetal exposure to alcohol. These studies confirm previous findings that neurons can be protected from alcohol by supplementing their glutathione content.
The scientists noted a 37 percent increase in oxidative stress and a 23 percent drop in glutathione levels in exposed tissues.
One in 100 live births in Texas suffers from a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Of 370,000 live births in the state annually, 3,700 babies are affected, said Carolyn A. Smith, executive director of the Texas Office for Prevention of Developmental Disabilities. “Each child may need $1 million to $2 million worth of supportive services during his lifetime,” Smith said. “You can see that this is an expensive problem in human and economic terms.”
Dr. Henderson’s co-authors, all from the Health Science Center, are Drs. Rhoda Hamby-Mason, Mary Rathinam, Priscilla Cherian, William Pate, Steven Schenker and Dr. Maffi.
Support for the study was from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to an established investigator (Dr. Henderson) and the Executive Research Committee at the Health Science Center to a new investigator (Dr. Maffi).
###The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio is the leading research institution in South Texas and one of the major health sciences universities in the world. With an operating budget of $576 million, the Health Science Center is the chief catalyst for the $15.3 billion biosciences and health care sector in San Antonio’s economy. The Health Science Center has had an estimated $35 billion impact on the region since inception and has expanded to six campuses in San Antonio, Laredo, Harlingen and Edinburg. More than 22,000 graduates (physicians, dentists, nurses, scientists and allied health professionals) serve in their fields, including many in Texas. Health Science Center faculty are international leaders in cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, aging, stroke prevention, kidney disease, orthopaedics, research imaging, transplant surgery, psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, pain management, genetics, nursing, allied health, dentistry and many other fields.
